explanation and discussion text

The Tongue

The sense of taste is one’s of person’s five senses. We taste with help of taste-buds in the tongue. There are four main kinds of taste: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. All other tastes are just mixtures of two or more of these main types.

The surface of the tongue has more than fifteen thousand taste-buds (or cells). These are connected to the brain by special nerves which send the so-called “taste messages”.

When the tongue comes into contact with food of any kind, the taste-buds will pick up the taste. The nerves then send a message to the brain. This will make us aware of the taste. All this happened in just a few seconds.

There are four kinds of taste-buds, each of which is sensitive to only a particular taste. These four groups are located in different parts of the tongue.

The taste-buds for salty and sweet tastes are found round the tip of the tongue and along its sides. Sour tastes can be picked up only at the sides of the tongue. The tasted-buds for the bitter taste are found at the innermost edge of the tongue. There are taste-buds at the centre of the tongue.

The senses of smell and sight can affect taste. The good smell of food increases its taste. Similarly, attractive colors can make food appear tastier and more delicious. If food does not smell good or is dull-colored, it will look tasty and may not taste good at all.

Very hot or cold sensations can make the taste-buds insensitive. Food that is too hot or too cold, when placed in the mouth, will have no tastes at all.

1.      We can taste any kind of food because of….

a.       The good smell of food

b.      The four main kinds of taste

c.       The taste-buds in the tongue

d.      The senses of smell and sight

e.       The taste-buds round the tip of the tongue

2.      When we eat very hot or cold food, ….

a.       The food will lose its taste

b.      The food won’t smell good

c.       The taste of the food increases

d.      The taste-buds will be sensitive

e.       The taste-buds will be very responsive

3.      The senses of smell and sight….

a.       Increase the taste of the food

b.      Affect the taste of the food

c.       Make food more delicious

d.      Make the food look good

e.       Make the food attractive

4.      The purpose of the text is….

a.       To explain ho we can taste any food in the mouth

b.      To give a report about the sense of taste

c.       To inform how important the tongue is

d.      To describe the use of the tongue

e.       To tell the taste of the food

5.      “bitter taste are found at the innermost edge of the tongue.” The underlined word is similar to….

a.       Inmost

b.      Near

c.       Front

d.      Right

e.       Left

Generic structure

paragraph	information
1	General classification
2	Explaining process
3	Explaining process
4	Explaining process
5	Explaining process
6	Explaining process
7	The end of paragraph – conclusion

Should performance enhancing drugs be accepted in sports?

This issue of using drug to enhance athlete’s performance is controversial. Those who agree to the use of drugs in enhancing performance say that most top players in all sports take drugs to train harder and feel no pain during play.

The most pressing arguments for abandoning the present policy are that it doesn't work and probably catches the (relatively) innocent more than the guilty. As Michael Johnson puts it: "All the organizations involved here are guilty of having rules that don't work." And genetic engineering is probably going to make drugs seem trivial in their impact on our ideas of fairness and performance.

The trainers, sports doctors, nutritionists, physiotherapists, and managers of the big names make sure banned substances are taken at the safest and most efficient levels. The main effect of banning such substances has turned performers and their coaches into liars and cheaters.

On the other hand, some still believe that performance enhancing drugs in sport should be banned. Performance enhancing drugs are not only prohibited because they violate the spirit of sport because they can damage the health of athletes.

I think the idea of allowing them in sports could lead to a situation whereby sportsmen and women are used as human guinea pigs for a constant flow of new, unregulated substances.

1.      What argument is given by those who disagree with the use of performance enhancing drugs?

a.       Athletes health is badly affected

b.      Guinea pigs are awfully needed

c.       Athletes consume more drugs

d.      Athletes obey the rules

e.       Athletes perform better

2.      According to the proponents of performance enhancing drugs, the effect of banning them is that performers become….

a.       Losers

b.      Winners

c.       Cheaters

d.      Hooligans

e.       Supporters

3.      What is the writer’s intention to write the text?

a.       To persuade readers to agree with the issue

b.      To influence readers to oppose the issue

c.       To describe performance enhancing drugs

d.      To entertain readers with the issue

e.       To expose readers with the issue

4.      How does the writer feel about the performance enhancing drugs?

a.       Neutral

b.      Positive

c.       Negative

d.      Indefinite

e.       Pessimistic

5.      “them” in line 12 refer to…

a.       Sports

b.      Drugs

c.       Athletes

d.      Sportsmen

e.       women

generic structure

paragraph	information
1	issue
2	Pro opinion - elaborate
3 and 4	Contra opinion – elaborate
5	conclusion

Kunci jawaban text The tongue

1.      c

2.      b

3.      a

4.      a

5.      a

kunci jawaban text Should performance enhancing drugs be accepted in sports?

1.      A

2.      C

3.      E

4.      C

5.      B